Citations: Chapter 2 Vulnerabilities to Exploitation and Discrimination

Citations

47

Ministry of Interior (2023). Dočasná ochrana, accessed 23 March 2023.cil Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382, 4 March 2022

48

European Commission (2022). Poland: parliament adopts law on assistance to Ukrainian refugees

49

Government of Romania (2022). DECISION no. 367 of March 18, 2022, regarding the establishment of conditions for ensuring temporary protection, as well as for the modification and completion of some normative acts in the field of foreigners, accessed 20 March 2023.

50

European Commission (2022). Slovakia adopts package of legislative changes to facilitate integration of those fleeing Ukraine

51

European Union (2022). Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382, 4 March 2022

52

Prior to this, Moldova offered refugees from Ukraine a form of temporary protection similar to that of TP, but issued through Moldova’s National Commission on Exceptional Situations. Since this fell under state of emergency legislation, the entry rights and refugee protection were valid only for a renewable 60-day period of a state of emergency. While the repeated extensions were welcome, this system brought about more uncertainty than TP status.

53

Government of Romania (2022). Arrival in Romania, accessed 20 March 2023; Ministry of Interior (2023). Dočasná ochrana, accessed 23 March 2023; European Commission (2022). Poland: parliament adopts law on assistance to Ukrainian refugees; European Commission (2022). Poland: parliament adopts law on assistance to Ukrainian refugees

54

Government of Romania (2022). Arrival in Romania, accessed 20 March 2023.

 

55

European Union (2022). Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382, 4 March 2022

 

56

European Union Agency for Asylum (2022). Poland

57

Ministry of Employment, Social Affairs, and Family (2023). Useful information for citizens of Ukraine, accessed 21 March 2023.

58

Government of the Czech Republic (2022). Informace k prodloužení dočasné ochrany, accessed 27 March 2023.

59

Government of Republic of Poland (2022). Amendment to the law on assistance to Ukrainian citizens in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of the country

60

European Union Agency for Asylum (2022). Information on temporary protection in Romania

61

UNHCR (2022). Help Slovakia: Temporary Protection accessed 21 March 2023.

62

UNHCR (2023). Operational Data Portal, accessed 28 March 2023.

63

Government of Romania (2023). Romania’s Response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis

64

UNHCR (2023). Protection Risks and Needs of Refugees from Ukraine, accessed 13 April 2023.

65

The International Centre for Migration Policy Development (2022). Temporary protection in Poland – what solutions for vulnerable groups?

66

Guardian (2022). Slovaks hail boy, aged 11, who travelled 700 miles alone from Ukraine

 

67

SPRAVY (2022). Unaccompanied children fleeing Ukraine are also housed in Centers for Children and Families, accessed 22 March 2023.

68

Ceske Noviny (2023). Commissioner: There are about 30,000 unaccompanied child refugees from Ukraine in the Czech Republic

69

European Commission (2022). SRSG on Migration and Refugees publishes reports of visit to Czech and Slovak Republic

70

European Union (2021), Briefing – Vulnerability of unaccompanied or separated child migrants

71

Ministry of Interior (2023). Dočasná ochrana, accessed 23 March 2023.

72

Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.

73

Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.

74

IOM (2022). Assistance to people fleeing the war in Ukraine: IOM Slovakia

75

UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment Poland

76

UNHCR (2022). Slovakia: protection brief – May-October 2022; World Health Organization (2023); Enabling support for Ukrainians with disabilities in the Republic of Moldova, accessed 23 March 2023.

77

Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.

78

Government of Romania (2022). Apply for temporary protection, accessed 29 March 2023.

 

79

Ministry of Interior (2023). Dočasná ochrana, accessed 23 March 2023.

80

Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.

81

UNHCR (2022). Displacement patterns, protection risks and needs of refugees from Ukraine

82

ČT 24 (2023). Vyplnit potřebné dokumenty nezvládají desetitisíce uprchlíků. Problémy mají senioři, handicapovaní i děti bez doprovodu, accessed 23 March 2023.

83

ČT 24 (2023). Vyplnit potřebné dokumenty nezvládají desetitisíce uprchlíků. Problémy mají senioři, handicapovaní i děti bez doprovodu, accessed 23 March 2023.

84

HIAS, VOICE (2022). Ukraine Assessment Report - Waiting for the Sky to Close: The Unprecedented Crisis Facing Women and Girls Fleeing Ukraine, accessed 29 March 2023; Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.

85

UNHCR (2022). Romania Protection and Profiling Monitoring Factsheet

86

Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.

87

Ministry of Interior (2023), Dočasná ochrana, accessed 23 March 2023.

88

Ministry of Interior (2023). Dočasná ochrana, accessed 23 March 2023.

89

Special Representative of the Secretary General on Migration and Refugees (2022). Report of the fact-finding mission to the Czech Republic by Ms Leyla Kayacik (4–6 May), accessed 7 January 2023.

90

United Nations Office at Geneva (2022). Top rights expert questions double standard Ukraine’s war displaced

91

91 Either (1) having been a stateless person recognised as living within Ukraine before 24 February 2022, (2) a refugee or TCN reliant on protection from the Ukrainian government before 24 February 2022, or (3) a family member or relative of a displaced Ukrainian national.

92

General Inspectorate for Migration (2023). Drepturi și obligații, accessed 31 March 2023.

93

Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.

94

IOM (2022). Ukraine intervention – 9 month report, 24 February - 24 November 2022

95

95 Lee, J. (2022). ‘Danger everywhere’: War and transphobia create perfect storm for trans Ukrainians, accessed 26 March 2023.

96

Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.

 

97

Stiri, M.D. (2022). Refugiaților LGBT+ din Ucraina li se va acorda ajutor în Moldova, accessed 23 March 2023.

98

HIAS, VOICE (2022). Ukraine Assessment Report - Waiting for the Sky to Close: The Unprecedented Crisis Facing Women and Girls Fleeing Ukraine, accessed 29 March 2023.

99

HIAS and Voice (2022). Romania Assessment Report - Waiting for the Sky to Close: The Unprecedented Crisis Facing Women and Girls Fleeing Ukraine

100

Mirga-Wójtowicz, E., Talewicz, J., and Kolaczek, M., UNHCR (2022). Human rights, needs and discrimination – the situation of Roma refugees from Ukraine in Poland) 

101

Amnesty International (2022). Refugees from Ukraine in Poland and Mirga-Wójtowicz, E. and Fiałkowska, K., Boll Foundation (2022). Anti-gypsyism in the time of war

102

Roma Support Group (2022). March 2022 Newsletter, accessed 20 March 2023.

103

Mirga-Wójtowicz, E., Talewicz, J., and Kolaczek, M., UNHCR (2022). Human rights, needs and discrimination – the situation of Roma refugees from Ukraine in Poland

104

Roma Association in Poland (2022). The situation of the people of Roma origin

105

Chisinau Research Workshops 1 and 2 March 2023.

106

Roma Support Group (2022). March 2022 Newsletter, accessed 20 March 2023.

107

DOPOMOGA.GOV.MD (2023). IOM – International Organization for Migration, accessed 22 March 2023.

 

108

DOPOMOGA.GOV.MD (2023). IOM – International Organization for Migration, accessed 22 March 2023.

109

Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.

110

This includes access to general and emergency healthcare, prescriptions, infectious disease prevention measures, COVID-19 vaccinations for adults, and standard preventative vaccinations for children.

111

National Health Fund Poland (2022). Assistance for Ukrainian citizens guaranteed in a special act. What do healthcare providers need to know? accessed 15 March 2023.

112

Dadnam, D., Lomasney, E., Gartshore, L., and McKernon, S., British Dental Journal (2021). Romanian dilemnas

113

European Commission (2022). Romania: New order facilitates access to healthcare for people arriving from Ukraine

114

Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (2023). Pomoc pro občany Ukrajiny a jejich zaměstnavatele, accessed 12 February 2023.

115

Ministry of Health (2022). Ministerstvo zdravotnictví odstartovalo očkovací kampaň pro Ukrajince, accessed 15 February 2023.

116

Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (2023). Pomoc pro občany Ukrajiny a jejich zaměstnavatele, accessed 12 February 2023.

117

Special Representative of the Secretary General on Migration and Refugees (SRSG) (2022). Report of the fact-finding mission to the Czech Republic by Ms Leyla Kayacik (4–6 May), accessed 7 January 2023.

118

IOM UN Migration (2023). Information and assistance in connection with the war in Ukraine, accessed 23 March 2023.

119

OECD (2017). State of Health in the EU – Slovak Republic – country health profile 2017

 

120

Ministry of Health (2023). Determination of the scope of healthcare needed

121

Treatment for Ukraine (2023). General Information and legal support within Moldova, accessed 22 March 2023.

122

United for Ukraine (2023). Healthcare: Moldova, accessed 22 March 2023..

123

UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment Poland; UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment Romania December 2022

124

UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment Romania December 2022

125

UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment Poland

126

UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment Poland

127

Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.

128

ReliefWeb (2022). WHO promotes action on urgent mental health needs of Ukrainian refugees

129

UNHCR (2023). Regional Refugee Response Plan January – December 2023

130

Prague research workshops 1–2 February 2023; Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.

131

UNHCR (2022). Refugees from Ukraine in Poland Regional Profiling Update November 2022

132

UNHCR REACH (2022). Poland: multi-sector needs assessment 2022 refugees from Ukraine

 

133

PAQ Research (2022). Hlas Ukrajinců: Duševní zdraví uprchlíků, accessed 20 November 2022

134

UNHCR REACH (2023). Slovakia: area based assessment (Bratislava, Kosice, Nitra and Zilina) - February 2023

135

UNHCR (2022). Ensuring the protection of persons with disabilities fleeing from Ukraine

136

The Commissioner for Human Rights Poland (2022). Problems of refugees from Ukraine with obtaining disability certificates; Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.

137

Zakony Pro Lidi (2022). Act No. 108/2006 Coll., Social Services Act, accessed 27 March 2023.

138

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration (2023). Amendment to the Act on Assistance to Citizens of Ukraine signed by the President, 25 January 2023

139

World Health Organisation (2022). Health of refugees from Ukraine in Poland 2022: survey findings

140

Warsaw workshop 9 February 2023.

141

UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment Poland

142

Bucharest focus groups workshop 15–16 February 2023.

143

Help to Help Ukraine (2023). Access to healthcare for Ukrainian refugees in Romania

144

PAQ Research, Hlas Ukrajinců: Zdraví a služby, accessed 26 November 2022.

145

UNHCR (2022). Regional Ukraine Refugee Response: Gender-Based Violence Sub-Working Group

146

Centre for Reproductive Rights (2020). European abortion laws, a comparative overview

147

Warsaw workshop 9 February 2023.

148

CARE/SERA | The Federation of NGOs for Child Protection | The Federation of Social Services | Plan International (2022). Rapid Gender Analysis Brief Ukrainian Refugees in Romania

149

World Health Organisation (2023). Understanding the obstacles faced by Ukrainian refugees in Romania

150

UNHCR. Protection Risks and Needs of Refugees from Ukraine, accessed 13 April 2023.

151

International Organisation for Migration (2022). Ukraine response – Romania evolution of needs report

152

Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.

153

UNHCR (2022). Protection Profiling Romania – September 2022

154

OECD (2022). Housing support for Ukrainian refugees in receiving countries

155

UNHCR (2023). Moldova Refugee Accommodation Centre (RAC) Weekly Needs Monitoring; Update as of 27.12.2022 [EN/RO], accessed 27 March 2023.

156

See Act No. 65/2022 Coll., Act on Certain Measures in Connection with the Armed Conflict on the Territory of Ukraine Caused by the Invasion of the Russian Federation Troops for more details; also, Česká justice (2022). Vnitro chce prodloužit dočasnou ochranu Ukrajinců, změkčí se podmínky pro lékaře, 2 November 2022, accessed 12 January 2023; and OECD (2022). Rights and Support for Ukrainian Refugees in Receiving Countries, accessed 12 January 2023.

157

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration (2023). Amendment to the Act on Assistance to Citizens of Ukraine signed by the President, 25 January 2023

158

UNHCR (2022). Operational Data Portal, accessed 23 September 2023.

159

OECD (2022). Housing support for Ukrainian refugees in receiving countries

160

Dopomoha / Help for Ukrainians in Romania (2022). The 50/20 programme

161

Ukraine Slovakia (2022). Accommodation, accessed 23 March 2023.

162

European Commission (2022). Slovakia: accommodation allowance for refugees from Ukraine to increase

163

UNHCR (2023). Regional Refugee Response Plan January – December 2023

164

UNHCR (2023). Ukraine Situation Regional Refugee Response Plan (January-December 2023)

165

Government of Romania (2023). Romania’s Response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis

166

UNHCR (2023). Regional Refugee Response Plan January – December 2023

167

Telewizja Polska (2019), Poland lacks over 2 million flats: report

168

Warsaw workshop 9 February 2023.

169

UNHCR (2023). Ukraine Situation Regional Refugee Response Plan (January-December 2023)

170

World Health Organization (2023) Enabling support for Ukrainians with disabilities in the Republic of Moldova, accessed 23 March 2023.

171

UNHCR (2023). Moldova Refugee Accommodation Centre (RAC) Weekly Needs Monitoring; Update as of 27.12.2022 [EN/RO], accessed 27 March 2023.

172

UNHCR (2023). Moldova Refugee Accommodation Centre (RAC) Weekly Needs Monitoring; Update as of 27.12.2022 [EN/RO], accessed 27 March 2023.

173

UNHCR (2023). Ukraine Situation Regional Refugee Response Plan (January-December 2023)

174

Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.

175

Prague research workshop 1–2 February 2023.

176

Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.

177

Mirga-Wójtowicz, E., Talewicz, J., and Kolaczek, M., UNHCR (2022). Human rights, needs and discrimination – the situation of Roma refugees from Ukraine in Poland

178

Mirga-Wójtowicz, E., Talewicz, J., and Kolaczek, M., UNHCR (2022). Human rights, needs and discrimination – the situation of Roma refugees from Ukraine in Poland

179

Kottosova, I., CNN (2022). ‘You are not a refugee.’ Roma refugees fleeing war in Ukraine say they are suffering discrimination and prejudice

180

Avocatul Poporului, Ombudsman. (2022). Report No. 1 on the monitoring the observance of the rights of foreigners from Ukraine in the context of the state of emergency for the period from February 25 to April 30, 2022. Unofficial translation from Centrul de Drept al Avocatilor, accessed 28 March 2023.

181

Roma Support Group (2022). March 2022 Newsletter, accessed 20 March 2023

182

VOICE and HAIS (2022). Slovakia Assessment Report - Waiting for the Sky to Close: The Unprecedented Crisis Facing Women and Girls Fleeing Ukraine

183

VOICE and HAIS (2022). Slovakia Assessment Report - Waiting for the Sky to Close: The Unprecedented Crisis Facing Women and Girls Fleeing Ukraine

184

UNHCR REACH (2022). Slovakia multi-sectoral needs assessment 2022

185

Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.

186

Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.

187

UNHCR (2022). Rapid survey of the 50-20 programme – UNHCR Romania thematic report

188

Bucharest focus groups workshop, 15–16 February 2023.

189

UNHCR (2022). Displacement patterns, protection risks and needs of refugees from Ukraine – regional protection analysis 1 For example, according to the Protection Profiling in Poland, since the invasion of February 2022, the majority of respondents (80 percent) have been separated from their immediate family members. UNHCR (2022). Refugees from Ukraine in Poland Regional Profiling Update October 2022

190

Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023; Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023; Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.

191

IOM (2022). Ukraine Response 2022 - Poland: Needs Assessment Analysis Dashboard 17 June-26 September

192

Norwegian Refugee Council (2023). One year on: seven out of ten refugees from Ukraine risk falling into poverty in neighbouring countries

193

UNHCR REACH (2022). Multi-sector needs assessment shelter Poland

194

Relief Web (2023). Poland: Amendments to Ukrainian refugee hosting laws showcase the need for continued humanitarian support

195

195 Panayotatos, D., and Cone, D. (2022). Preparing for the unpredictable: ensuring the protection and inclusion of refugees from Ukraine in Romania and Moldova

196

UNHCR REACH (2022). Slovakia multi-sectoral needs assessment 2022

197

City of Bratislava (2023). City Hostels, accessed 24 March 2023.

198

Bratislava research workshop 7-8 March 2023.

199

Chisinau research workshop 1 March 2023.

200

PWC (2023). Worldwide Tax Summaries: Moldova, accessed 31 March 2023.

201

Chisinau research workshops 1 March 2023.

202

Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.

203

IOM (2023). Migration Information Centre, accessed 13 April 2023.

204

Global Property Guide (2019) Income tax in Moldova, accessed 30 March 2023.

205

European Commission (2022). Refugee flows from Ukraine

206

Government of Romania (2023). Romania: Report on the national response to those displaced from Ukraine, accessed 30 March 2023.

 

207

PAQ Research (2023). Hlas Ukrajinců: Vzdělávání, accessed 28 March 2023.

208

For example, it is estimated that 3 percent to 5 percent of primary school pupils and roughly 10 percent of teenagers may be excluded from education because of the insufficient capacity of Czech schools. PAQ Research (2023). Hlas Ukrajinců: Vzdělávání, accessed 28 March 2023.

209

UNHCR (2023). Moldova 2022: Participatory Assessment, accessed 23 March 2023; UNHCR REACH (2022). Slovakia multi sectoral needs assessment October 2022; UNHCR (2023). Slovakia: regional refugee response plan 2023; UNHCR REACH (2023). Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment Poland, accessed 24 March 2023; Kafembe, I., UNICEF (2022). Using innovation in Romania to get Ukrainian children learning again; UNHCR, Protection Risks and Needs of Refugees from Ukraine, accessed 13 April 2023; REACH UNHCR (2022). Multi-Sector Needs Assessment: Key Findings, accessed 30 March 2023.

210

Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.

211

Public Information Bulletin of the Commissioner for Human Rights, (2022). Problems of education of children and youth from Ukraine - recommendations of the Ombudsman. The answer of MEi

212

UNHCR (2023). Slovakia: regional refugee response plan 2023

213

UNICEF (2021). The formative years: UNICEF’s work on measuring ECD

214

Public Information Bulletin of the Commissioner for Human Rights (2022). Problems of education of children and youth from Ukraine - recommendations of the Ombudsman. The answer of MEiN; Gromada, A., and Richardson, D., UNICEF (2021). Where do rich countries stand on childcare?; PAQ Research (2023). Hlas Ukrajinců: Vzdělávání, accessed 28 March 2023; United Nations Development Fund (2020). INEQUALITIES IN URBAN AND RURAL MOLDOVA: Beyond incomes and averages, looking into the future of inequalities, page 45, accessed 31 March 2023.

215

PAQ Research (2023). Hlas Ukrajinců: Vzdělávání, accessed 28 March 2023.

216

Deník, N. (2022). Krizové řešení: Skupiny místo školy. Ukrajinským dětem ale hrozí segregace, varují experti, accessed 16 December 2022.

217

PAQ Research (2023). Hlas Ukrajinců: Vzdělávání, accessed 28 March 2023.

218

PAQ Research (2023). Hlas Ukrajinců: Vzdělávání, accessed 28 March 2023.

219

PAQ Research (2023). Hlas Ukrajinců: Vzdělávání, accessed 28 March 2023.

220

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2023). Fleeing Ukraine: Displaced People’s Experiences in The EU, accessed 5 April 2023.

221

Centre for Educational Analysis (2023). Inclusion of male and female pupils from Ukraine in education. Qualitative survey of nine Bratislava schools, accessed 4 April 2023.

222

European Commission (2022). Slovakia: challenges in the education of refugee children from Ukraine, accessed 26 March 2023.

223

223 Save the Children Romania (2022). Save the Children Romania education survey

224

Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.

225

Bucharest research workshop 15–16 February 2023.

226

UNHCR, REACH (2023). Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessment Poland, accessed 24 March 2023.

227

Warsaw research workshop 9 February 2023.

228

 Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.

229

Bratislava research workshop 7–8 March 2023.